Co-existence of pests and their associated predators inhabiting cantaloupe plants, cucumis melo L. in Assiut, Egypt

The present study was carried out during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons of cantaloupe. Faunistic composition of pests and their associated predators inhabiting cantaloupe plants Cucumis melo L. revealed the presence of 22 insect species belonging to 17 families and 10 orders. The serious pest species were represented by 14 species with 7 predaceous species. The most abundant sucking insect pest was whitefly; Bemisia tabaci Genn. It was the most abundant and seemed to be the major pest infesting cantaloupe, followed by the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch:, and some piercing sucking insects such as cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glov.; onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lind. and jassids, Empoasca spp. Orius sp, Chrysoperla carnea Steph. and Coccinella undecimpunctata L. were the most numerous predators. In all cases the dominance degrees of the pests were higher than those of the predators

Histological, histochemical and immunohistological comparative study between Ranitidine and Rebamipide in Gastric Mucosal protection after Dexamethasone induced injury in adult male albino rats

Background: Gastritis can be caused by many factors, one of them is drugs, and among these drugs is dexamethasone that has many uses in medicine. Dexamethasone prevent synthesis of gastric mucous barrier by surface epithelial cells, so the stomach wall will be injured by digestive enzymes and stomach HCl. Treatment of gastritis can be done by antisecretory drugs like H2 receptors blocker as ranitidine or by drugs that stimulate prostaglandins synthesize by surface epithelial cells of gastric mucosa to form the mucous barrier like rebamipide

Aim of the work: Comparison between ranitidine and rebamipide to detect which mechanism is better in gastric mucosal protection after dexamethasone administration

Material and methods: Twenty male albino rats were included in this study, they were divided into four groups, control group, dexamethasone administrated group, dexamethasone and ranitidine administrated group, dexamethasone and rebamipide administrated group, each group contained five rats. The examined samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain, PAS and Alcian blue stains and TdT reaction, all of the results were statistically analyzed

Results: The result showed improvement of the gastric mucosa by using both of ranitidine and rebamipide as protective agents against injury induced by dexamethasone but the improvement was better in the group that was administrated rebamipide as indicated by better number of healthy cells, low numbers of damaged cells and better formed mucous barrier

Conclusion: The drug that stimulates mucous barrier formation is better than antisecretory drug in gastric mucosa protection

Population age structure of the green beach aphid, Myzus Persicae [Sulzer] [Homoptera: Aphididae] in Cumin fields in Assiut Upper Egypt

The present studies were carried out during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 on cumin growing seasons. The main objective was to study population age structure of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae [Sulzer] infesting cumin plants in Assiut, Upper Egypt. When using beginning of cumin planting as a starting date, data show that the migration of the green peach aphid from overwintering site into cumin fields occurred after about 50 days [nearly during the end of December]. The population then increased to become 10% of the maximum number after 66 days [nearly during the first half of January]. Maximum population density of the green peach aphid occurred after about 95 days. Therefore, the peak of abundance could be expected around the first half of February. After the population reached it's the highest level, it generally declined and reached 10% of the maximum after 121 days. The population then vanished from the cumin field in about 132 days [toward the middle of March]. The present results indicate that the number of green peach aphid was significantly higher in the second season 2013 [421.3 aphids / 10 plants], than that of the first season 2012 [249.30 aphids / 10 plants]. The differences in levels of infestation between the two seasons might be attributed to the differences in weather factors [temperature, relative humidity] and /or the effect of the common natural enemies in each season

Prognostic value of FOXP3 and TGF-beta expression in both peripheral blood and lymph nodes in patients with B-Non Hodgkin's lymphoma

Foxp3 has been studied as a biomarker of Treg cells in many solid malignant diseases, although its role as an immunomodulator in B-NHL remain poorly understood and the effect of traditional chemotherapy on its expression remains unclear. In this study the role of circulating and intra-tumoral Treg and TGF-beta in patients with B-NHL before and after chemotherapy was evaluated. Enumeration of Treg cells was carried out by flow cytometric staining of their cell surface markers CD4 and CD25 as well as by molecular analysis of its signature transcription factor FoxP3. Expression of FoxP3 was done using quantitative real-time PCR while TGF-beta mRNA expression was semi-quantitatively assayed by the conventional reverse transcription-PCR. In addition, spontaneous versus mitogen-induced release of TGF-beta by PBMCs was assessed by a short term cell culture followed by ELISA. This was done before and after six cycles of CHOP chemotherapy. The results were evaluated in relation to the clinicopathological data. A significant increase in mRNA transcripts of both Fox P3 and TGF-beta as well as the percentage of CD4[+] /CD25[+] in B-NHL patients before receiving the chemotherapy were recorded, when compared either to healthy controls or to patients after completion the treatment regimen. Interestingly 6 cycles of CHOP treatment caused significant reduction in all parameters under study

Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation versus invasive pressure support ventilation for post extubation respiratory distress in patients recovered from respiratory failure

Respiratory failure after a planned extubation is reported to be a common event, leading to reintubation and can occur in as many as 3-20% of extubated patients. It is crucial to identify the right time to extubate a patient, since re-intubation after pre-term extubation is associated with an increased risk for nosocomial pneumonia, prolonged intensive care unit [ICU] stay and death, and also accounts for substantially increased costs. This study was planned to assess the effectiveness of non-invasive pressure support ventilation [NIPPV] as a weaning technique in patients who develop respiratory distress after discontinuation of mechanical ventilation and extubation in comparison with conventional weaning through invasive pressure support ventilation. This is a randomized controlled study, sixty patients with either type I or II respiratory failure who developed post extubation respiratory failure were enrolled; they were randomly divided into two groups to receive either NIPPV or invasive pressure support ventilation. The primary outcome measure was the technique outcone; secondary outcome measures were incidence of complications, hemodynamic parameters, arterial blood gas parameters, ventilator parameters and length of ICU stay. Despite a longer time to failure observed with invasive pressure support ventilation, no statistically significant differences were observed in success rate, hemodynamic, and arterial blood gas parameters, although incidence of complications differs greatly according to the technique used. In a heterogonous group of patients; NIPPV is not superior to invasive pressure support ventilation in patients who developed post-extubation respiratory distress after successful weaning

Relation between frailty and common geriatric problems in elderly

There is a high prevalence of common geriatric problems [falls, urinary incontinence, visual and hearing impairment] among frail elderly leading to more disability and functional impairment. The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence of common geriatric problems between frail and non-frail elderly. A Case control study. 90 participants aged 60 years and above. They were selected from Ain Shams University Hospital from inpatient wards and outpatient clinics. The studied sample was divided into 2 groups: Group A [30 frail elderly females and 30 frail elderly males] and Group B [30 healthy elderly subjects; 15 males and 15 females]. Comprehensive geriatric assessment, including detailed history of common geriatric problems as mentioned above, physical examination, and also assessment of frailty using modified Fried criteria]. Hearing impairment, incontinence and falls were more prevalent in frail elderly with a highly difference between the two groups, with p values< [0.001,0.009,0.006] consequently, visual impairment was statistically significant in cases more than controls with p value [0.012]. There is a significant positive relationship and high prevalence of common geriatric problems especially falls, urinary incontinence, visual and hearing impairment among frail elderly

Orthostatic hypotension before and after meal intake in diabetic patients and healthy elderly people

The symptoms of orthostatic hypotension may be ignored or go unnoticed and may predispose some diabetic or elderly people to repeated falls and trauma, leading to immobility and prolongation of rehabilitation. The present investigation in concerned mainly with testing the reaction of the cardiovascular system in response to physiological stimuli, such as, standing upright from a supine position before and after meal intake in diabetic patients and the healthy Saudi population. Seventy-five healthy and 49 diabetic patients were selected for this study. Parameters of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and electrocardiograms [ECG] were obtained for each subject by Dinamap [an automatic recorder], after 10 minutes of rest in the supine position and then after one and two minutes of standing. All parameters were taken before and after an intake of a standard meal. The results were compared between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups, and between the elderly diabetic and the healthy elderly >/= 65 year olds, and between the young adults /= 65 year olds. The postural changes of blood pressure and heart rate between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups, and between the elderly diabetic blood pressure and heart rate between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups, and between the elderly diabetic and the healthy elderly groups, were not significant. However, a highly significant postural drop in blood pressure, and an increase in the resting heart rate were recorded before and after a meal intake in the elderly compared to the young adults. The highly significant postural drop in blood pressure and increase in the resting heart rate in the elderly diabetic and healthy elderly people can be attributed to a defect in the arterial baroreceptors control of blood pressure and parasympathetic control of heart rate on this population

Therapeutic effect of pentoxifylline versus losartan on experimentally induced acute pancreatitis in adult albino rats: light and electron microscopic study

To study the therapeutic benefit of pentoxifylline versus losartan on L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in adult albino rats. Forty adult male albino rats were used and divided into a control group I, group II which received L-arginine, group III which received L-arginine followed by pentoxifylline and group IV which received L-arginine followed by losartan. Serum amylase and lipase assay was carried out and subjected to statistical analysis. Pancreatic tissue samples were taken and processed for light and transmission electron microscopic examination. Rats that received L-arginine [group II] showed loss of acinar architecture, edema, and zonal degenerative changes. Pentoxifylline-treated animals [group III] revealed apparent small-sized acini with a small amount of electron-lucent secretory granules and the edema was still present in some areas. Rats treated with losartan [group IV] showed an almost normal pancreatic architecture. Most of the acinar cells had normal apical electron-dense zymogen granules, normal rough endoplasmic reticulum, and apparently normal mitochondria. Moreover, there was significant reduction in serum amylase and lipase levels in the losartan-treated group compared with the pentoxifylline-treated group. Losartan was more efficient than pentoxifylline in the treatment of acute pancreatitis induced by L-arginine as indicated by histological and biochemical results

relationship between psychological wellbeing and coping strategies of schizophrenic's relatives

Relatives have become the most important caregivers for major psychiatric disorders because of the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric patients in recent decades, the relatives' well-being and mental health may become seriously impaired. The aim of this Study is to determine the relationship between psychological well-being and coping strategies of schizophrenic's relatives. Setting: This study was carried out at psychiatric outpatient clinics of Shebin Elkom teaching hospital at Menoufia City and Tanta psychiatric mental health hospital at Tanta City. All schizophrenic's relatives who came to the outpatient clinic for follow up of their patients were selected during the period of data collection to be included in this study [100]. Tools: Tool [1] the Coping Process Scale Tool [2] Burden Interviews Scale. The results revealed that; There was significant correlation between duration of caregiving and feeling burden of the relatives this means when the duration of caregiving increase the relative feeling of burden will increase. There is significant relation between mental disengagement as Emotion-focused coping and burden this means when the relative use mental disengagement as emotion-focused coping the level of burden will increase. The most coping strategies used was wishful thinking [100%] followed by exert of restrain [97%] and 90% for positive re interpretation. There was negative non significant relation between coping strategies and burden. It means that when coping increase the burden will decrease. the need of supporting programs addressed to families to establish a valid doctor-patient relationship with these patients both during consultation with psychiatrists. Stress management techniques can be helpful to relief the relative's tension. Whereas Caregivers must have a ready knowledge and access to emergency wards, mobile crisis units, and hotlines in case of emergency this can decrease relative's tension

Pyocolpos with imperforate hymen during early childhood presented with urine retention and bouts of intestinal obstruction

An imperforate hymen is not a rare condition in female newborns, but is often ignored in a genital examination by doctors. We report an unusual case of a 2 years old Sudanese girl with an imperforate hymen and pyocolpos presented with urine retention and intermittent bouts of intestinal obstruction. To our knowledge, this is a first case of female child with pyocolpos to be documented in Sudan literature

Silent effects of an antiperspirant containing aluminum chlorohydrate on cytogenetic, immunological and histomorphological profiles in rats

Twenty male rats were equally subdivided into control rats subjected to cutaneous rubbing of 1ml of distilled water daily on their shaved belly, and treated rats subjected to repeated cutaneous rubbing of 1ml of an antiperspirant 24 deodorant on their shaved belly, daily for 50 consecutive days. Blood samples were withdrawn from each rat at the end of exposure periods and equal aliquots of heparinized blood samples were prepared: the first was used for total and differential leukocytic count and pahgocytic activity assay, while plasma of the second aliquot was utilized for screening concentrations of plasma total protein, albumin and globulin. Rats were then scarified, 2 hours after colchicines injection [i.p.], and their femoral bone marrows were flushed out for the preparation of metaphase flushed out for the preparation of metaphase plates and cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow chromosomes. The obtained data revealed a significant increase in the frequencies of aberrant cells and different types of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of treated rats. Blood neutrophil phagocytic activities, plasma total protein and globulin were distinctly decreased and moderate histopathological and histomorphometric alterations of belly skin of the treated rats were observed. The study throws the light on the dangerous cumulative effects of this antiperspirant on cytogenetic, immunological and histomorphological profiles in Rats

effect of aminophylline versus milrinone on ischemia-reperfusion myocardial injury during open heart surgery

Cardioplegic arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB] is essential for the majority of cardiac surgical procedures; Cardioplegia protects the myocardium by providing continuous or intermittent oxygen while simultaneously reducing cardiomyocyte oxygen demand, but it does not inherently increase the ischemic-reperfusion injury tolerance of the cardiomyocytes. Aminophylline and milrinone by their phosphodiesterase inhibitor and anti-inflammatory activity may decrease this type of injury. This study has been designed to compare between the protective effect of aminophylline and milrinone over the heart during open heart surgery for valve replacement with CPB. Sixty adult patients undergoing elective single valve replacement were randomized to receive aminophylline 5 mg/kg [n=20], milrinone 50 microg/kg [n=20], or normal saline as control group [n=20] through intravenous infusion 10 minutes before the aortic cross-clamping. The cardiac troponin I, inotrope score, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of ICU stay and other hemodynamic variables were measured and recorded. There were no differences between the three groups with regard to clinical variables. Cardiac troponin I raised significantly after declamping in the three groups, however it was significantly lower in aminophylline and milrinone group compared to control group immediately after CPB and after 8 hours with no significant differences between aminophylline and milrinone group, inotrope score duration of mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay showed no significant differences between the three groups. Administration of aminophylline or milrinone reduces the subclinical myocardial injury with no difference between both agents and with no effect on the hemodynamic parameters or short term clinical outcome in patients undergoing single valve replacement with CPB

Prevalence of sen virus infection in hemodialysis and blood diseased patients in Assiut university hospitals

SENV is a blood- borne, circular ss DNA virus and possessing nine genotypes [A to I]. Among nine genotypes, SENV-D and SENV-H genotypes have the strong link with patients with non [A-E] hepatitis infections .Recently, the identification of SEN virus [SENV] as a possible etiologic agent of parenteral transmission hepatitis let to the study of the prevalence of such agent. This study compared SENV prevalence and its two important genotypes [D and H] which might be pathogenic in high risk subjects including blood diseased patients and hemodialysis patients and low risk subjects as healthy blood donors. This study included 75 multitransfused patients, 60 of them were hemodialysis and the remaining were blood diseased including hemophilics, anemics and leukemics. The study included also 25 healthy blood donors as a control They were received consecutively at Department of Internal Medicine, Assiut University Hospital. The sera were separated and SENV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction. The results showed a higher prevalence of SENV infection in patients group than blood donors [46.7% versus 20%].No significant relation was found between SENV infection and age, duration of hemodialysis or liver enzymes. However, there was significant difference between SENV positive and negative patients as regards gender and number of blood transfusions. SENV is commonly present in blood diseased and hemodialysis patients attended to Assiut University Hospitals as well as in blood donors at variable rates. SENV infection has been found in only 20% of blood donors but in 46.7% of patients. The results also indicated that other possible routes of SENV infection other than blood transfusion may be included. Its pathogenic role in causing hepatitis is not documented, so far it can be considered as simple guest till further studies have been done

Placental alkaline phosphatase activity and its relation to foetal growth and nutrition in appropriate and small for gestational age newborns at term

The placental alkaline phosphatase [PAP] activity progressively rises as pregnancy advances, possibly, because of its increasing synthesis by placental tissue. The present study examined the relationship between placental alkaline phosphatase activity and the biochemical indices of foetal nutrition [cord blood glucose, albumin] and growth [neonatal birth weight]. Placental and umbilical cord blood samples were collected from 56 term deliveries 30 of them were appropriate for gestational age [AGA] and 26 were small for gestational age [SGA] and prepared for placental alkaline phosphatase assay, glucose and albumin estimations using standard procedures. The birth weights of the neonates at term were taken and recorded. Correlation analyses of the data obtained show significant positive relationships between PAP and cord blood glucose, albumin and birth weight in AGA newborn [r[2] = 0.86, 0.71, 0.68 p<0.05] and [r[2] = 0.69, 0.81, 0.73 p<0.05] in SGA newborn but no significant relationship with gestational age, also there was significant statistical difference between both groups in level of PAP, glucose and albumin

Influence of serum cortisol levels on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes

The association between plasma glucose [PG], HbAlc and serum cortisol levels in children with type 1 diabetes was investigated to determine the influence of serum cortisol on their glycemic control. A total of 45 children, aged 10-15 years, with type 1 diabetes for at least 3 years of diabetes were studied. Most of them did not have pancreatic beta-cell function. The cortisol levels among all patients were stratified according to fasting plasma glucose levels [50-99, 100-199, 200-299, and >/= 300mg/dL], and the HbAlc levels [<7.0, 7.0-7.9, 8.0-8.9, and >/= 9%]. The mean fasting PG, HbAlc and serum cortisol levels were 174 +/- 97mg/dL, 7.7 +/- 1.3% and 23.04 +/- 16.6 ug/dl, respectively. The cortisol levels were highly correlated with PG levels [r =0.553, P<0.0001] and mildly correlated with HbAlc levels [r = 0.301, P =0.0192]. Patients with high PG levels gave significantly higher cortisol levels as compared to those with lower PG levels [18.4 +/- 7.3, 26.8 +/- 18.3, 31.4 +/- 17.0 and 36.3 +/- 17.2ug/dl, P =0.0009]. There were no significant differences in serum cortisol levels among patients stratified according to HbAlc levels [P = 0.1566], however, patients with HbAlc levels >/= 9% had significantly higher cortisol levels than those with HbAlc levels <7% [32.6 +/- 14.4 vs. 21.8 +/- 11.3ug/dl,P=0.0291]

effect of aminophylline versus milrinone on ischemia-reperfusion myocardial injury during open heart surgery

Cardioplegic arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB] is essential for the majority of cardiac surgical procedures; Cardioplegia protects the myocardium by providing continuous or intermittent oxygen while simultaneously reducing cardiomyocyte oxygen demand, but it does not inherently increase the ischemic-reperfusion injury tolerance of the cardiomyocytes. Aminophylline and milrinone by their phosphodiesterase inhibitor and anti-inflammatory activity may decrease this type of injury. This study has been designed to compare between the protective effect of aminophylline and milrinone during open heart surgery for valve replacement with CPB. Sixty adult patients undergoing elective single valve replacement were randomized to receive aminophylline 5 mg/kg [n=20], milrinone 50 -microg/kg [n=20], or normal saline as control group [n=20] through intravenous infusion 10 minutes before the aortic cross-clamping. The cardiac troponin I, inotrope score, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of ICU stay and other hemodynamic variables were measured and recorded. There were no differences between the three groups with regard to clinical variables. Cardiac troponin I raised significantly after declamping in the three groups, however it was significantly lower in aminophylline and milrinone group compared to control group immediately after CBP and after 8 hours with no significant differences between aminophylline and milrinone group, inotrope score duration of mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay showed no significant differences between the three groups. Administration of aminophylline or milrinone reduces the subclinical myocardial injury with no difference between both agents and with no effect on the hemodynamic parameters or short term clinical outcome in patients undergoing single valve replacement with CPB

Effect of origanum majorana on some hospital resistant microbes and reference bacterial strains

The antimicrobial activity of marjoram essential oil was determined using Staphylococcus aureas ATCC 6923, Pseudomonas auregonosa ATCC 9027, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, E. coli ATCC 8736, and two hospital resistant microbes isolates 16 and 21, marjoram oil was found to be effective against used pathogenic bacteria. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by GC-Ms. The major components were Terpineol, cis-beta, Alpha-terpieol, l-terpinen-4-ol. Linalool and I, 6-octadien-3-ol, 3. 7 dimethyl-, 2aminobenzoate. Inhibition was observed at concentration [4-7 micro l/ml] with reference strain and [10 - 15 micro l/ml] with hospital resistant microbes using disk diffusion and micro dilution methods

Epidiological study of depressive disorders among patient attending outpatient clinics of Assiut University Hospital

Depression is a common mental health problem, seen frequently in general medical settings. Primary care physicians are more likely to see patients with depression than with any other disorder except hypertension. To estimate the percentage of depressive disorders among patients attending outpatient clinics of Assiut University Hospitals, and to study the possible risk factors underlying these depressive disorders. This cross-sectional study was conducted during one year period from June 1[st] 2006 to May 31[st] 2007. 2034 subjects aged 15 and above were screened for depression using Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] scale. Subjects who scored 4 or more were further evaluated through psychiatric sheet especially prepared for the present work. Psychiatric diagnosis was made on the basis of DSM-IV TR criteria. Patients were also subjected to Suicidality sheet of the MINI plus and Sheehan Disability Scale. Depression was found in 202 subjects representing 8.8% of the whole sample, with 167 patients [82.7%] were classified as having major depressive disorders, 28 patients [13.9%] were assessed to have depressive disorder NOS [26 patients [12.9%] with minor depression and only 2 patients [1%] with postpartum depression], 5 patients [2.5%] were diagnosed with dysthymic disorder and finally 2 patients [1%] with bipolar disorder, depressive episode. Depression was significantly higher among female subjects, highly educated and literate individuals, non-working males and among divorced/widowed/separated individuals. Depressive disorders were also significantly higher among patients with Dcertain medical conditions [e.g. malignancy, disfiguring conditions, autoimmune conditions, renal diseases and hepatic diseases] and among those who had more medical conditions. The degree of impairment is significantly higher among patients with moderate and severe depression and particularly in patients with severe depression with psychotic features. Suicidality is significantly higher among patients with severe depression and particularly among patients with severe depression with psychotic features. Depression is a common mental health problem, seen frequently in general medical settings and necessitates close psychiatric attention and management

Formulation and evaluation of rofecoxib capsules

Rofecoxib [ROF] is an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug. It is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzyme [Cox-2 inhibitor]. The aim of this work was to formulate and evaluate ROF capsules and compare them with a commercial ROF product. The ROF capsules were prepared using different excipients namely: Sta-Rx starch 1500, cellactose, anhydrous lactose and tablettose. Compatibility of the drug with the used excipients was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of cogrinding of ROF with either PVP 40000 or Avicel PH 101 in the ratio of 1:5 w/w on the drug release from the prepared capsules was also studied. Differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction studies showed reduction in crystallinity or conversion of the drug to an amorphous form upon grinding with either PVP 40000 or Avicel PH 101 respectively. All formulae of ROF capsules complied with the USP XXV requirements for uniformity of dosage units. Formulae No. 6 and 7 containing ground mixture of the drug with either PVP 4000 or Avicel PH 101 in a ratio of 1:5 drug to carrier and Sta-Rx starch 1500 as diluent gave a higher dissolution rate of ROF [t[50%] = 5 and 9 min., respectively] in comparison with the commercial ROF product Rhumacure [t[50%] = 25 min.] Moreover; the anti-inflammatory activity was studied in rats using paw-edema method and the results obtained were analyzed using ANOVA test at the level of significance [P

Cardio-respiratory pre-participation screening of competitive athletes

Substantially, it was to highlight how valuable is the routine use of ECG, echocardiography and spirometry among the pre-participation routine examinations for the athletes to differentiate between normal physiological and the pathological changes that could face down the performance of the athletes during competitions or even more might endanger their lives. The study was conducted among some junior athletes who were attending at Sports Medicine center in Madinat Nasr for regular assessment of their physical fitness. The study sample included 120 junior athletes from the national team of football [< 17 years and < 19 years]. Another 95 non- athletic healthy individuals from the school for talented students were selected to represent the control group. They were classified into two groups, each one was matching with a corresponding athletic group in age. Age, body weight, height and body mass index were recorded. Ergometric test with Spirometry, ECG and echocardiography were applied for all the participants. Both groups were matching with their corresponding controls concerning age and height, while the weight and body mass index were found to be statistically significantly higher among their corresponding controls. It was proved in our study that athletes do have statistically significantly lower resting heart and maximum heart rates with higher VO2 max comparing with the non athletes. The anaerobic threshold values were statistically significantly lower among the athletes that were found to be achieved after prolonged times of performance if compared with the control groups. All the spirometric parameters were statistically significantly higher among the athletes. EGG and echocardiography, revealed a normal and accepted physiological changes that can be acquired due to prolonged training. Based on the results of the study, it's deemed that spirometry, ECG, and echocardiography must be tabled among the pre-participation routine examinations of the athletes as a sensible approach to differentiate the physiological changes from the pathological ones, which subsequently can mitigate the usual raised concern of sudden death of athletes during prolonged competitions